We Can Only Understand Our Identity Once free essay sample

Alternately, others accept that character Is molded naturally, and that one Is characterized by their organic heartsickness and inherited characteristics went down from past ages. All things considered a blend of both nature and sustain shapes us all through life. For a greater part of the populace their excursion to discover their character and having a place can frequently be a battle because of numerous reasons. The issue of character and having a place has enthralled people for some ages, and will stay a key defining moment for some to come.We can just genuinely acknowledge ourselves by recognizing both of the contributing variables which characterize what our identity is. Everything and everybody can impact a people personality and having a place, however none more so than ones guardians and family. While a few impacts can be major and generally characterizing, others can be little and go UN-saw for quite a long time. Sadly, Sandra Laying, included in Anthony Fabian historical film Skin was conceived as shaded in appearance to white Afrikaans guardians, during the Apartheid administering of South Africa. We will compose a custom paper test on We Can Only Understand Our Identity Once or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The impacts from her family, predominately Sanders father, radically influenced Sanders lifestyle and her dynamic which inconceivably balanced her situation in the public eye. Be that as it may, the primary impact from Sanders family was the shade of her skin. This is something that no one can control yet a factor that Sandra needed to live and manage, which demonstrated a close to incomprehensible errand when she was youthful. The Laying family was essential in Sanders personality and with the impacts from her mom and father however the qualities they passed on from past generations.It wasnt until Sandra acknowledged over a significant time span factors that she could really grapple with her now well known Identity, molded by her persuasions from family, training and network. Similarly as family does, training assumes a significant job in the forming and improvement of your personality all through your youth and youthfulness, during essential and auxiliary school. Albeit totally uninformed, the educators, menaces and companions at school are Influencing the choices made and at last are a piece of the character that characterizes who you are.Sandra Laying, in spite of the fact that having a shaded appearance, was for a brief timeframe perm itted to go to an all-white school; in light of the fact that from the start, legitimately Sandra was white. Anyway after numerous beatings, harassing and out and out embarrassment, Sandra was ousted from the school, in light of the fact that, as her folks were told, Sandra doesn't have a place here. Much to their dismay this activity ended up defining the way Sandra acknowledged white individuals Into her troublesome life. Point being that, regardless of how recollections and impacts can last an entire life long.This reality plays out in the school yard, yet in addition sometime down the road in work places and seeing someone. Everybody has battled with their personality and having a place during a part of their life. There comes when our suppositions and convictions start to contrast from people around us. During this time, a few people may find which connections they have a place in, and those which they may not. Anyway connections are significant in all phases of our lives, from when we are faced with disarray towards character. In any case connections give a strong and cherishing condition, which likewise gives a ceaseless test for the duration of our lives as we experience new encounters that will modify our musings, feelings and the viewpoint of ourselves. Sandra has n amazingly troublesome relationship with her family transcendently on account of her skin pigmentation and the perspectives on others in the network. As Sandra begins to relate and connect with the shaded network in South Africa, her relationship with her dad specifically, decays rapidly.This shows how when one relationship comes up short and different blossoms and shapes your personality in an alternate manner. Connections dont fundamentally must be framed with individuals however with entire networks moreover. Nearby people group just as nation, nationality and race all have significant commitments grants the make of the character, qualities and attributes of people. Where one is raised or raised is seemingly the most significant spot of y our life. As previously mentioned, Sandra Laying was brought into the world shaded into an Apartheid South Africa. Her life would have been vastly different on the off chance that she had been naturally introduced to a family in present day Australia, where Apartheid rehearses are prohibited. Your place of birth additionally characterizes your financial class. The principal question asked when meeting somebody is, the place would you say you are from? Many may contend that it is Just gracious discussion, however in real act it is a subliminal Judgment of individual character.All of these donors construct and create solid personalities, and for Sandra Laying, it is her personality that got perceived and pitched, and it likewise brought her through some uncommon encounters, including a damaging spouse, detainment and a real existence filled of viciousness. Sandra shows the genuine intensity of impacts from the childhood in her locale previously, and how she perceived both key characterizing segm ents that shape personality. For a considerable length of time there has been a discussion about whether our personality is framed ordinarily or support. Those that accept we are molded essentially should be sure that character and personality is framed organic and inherited qualities as it were. Some others in the public arena accept that we are molded by support, that is, we are characterized by our family circumstance, area and connections. They accept that these clarify about us. Plainly it is a mix of both of these impacts that shape what our identity is and figure out where we have a place. Our hereditary qualities just as past impacts shape who we become. Simply subsequent to recognizing both of these altogether different realities can we genuinely comprehend our personality.

Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Essay -- Globalization

Presentation In light of globalization, numerous pundits have gotten worried about its consequences for different societies. Globalization isn't just the sharing of products and individuals, yet in addition the spread of belief system and qualities. All in all, what happens when the belief systems of various countries strife? For the individuals who bolster the social government hypothesis, the appropriate response is basic? The more remarkable countries’ thoughts win, compelling the individuals of the less amazing nation to rapidly desert their previous thoughts and adjust to the new ones. The outcome is that credible societies are demolished which will prompt a worldwide homogeneous culture. In any case, the individuals who restrict this hypothesis battle that societies are not destroyed yet extended and improved to make progressively unpredictable and different social orders. In my paper I analyzed the two contentions just as the manner by which American mainstream society is spread. Sp ecifically, I will concentrate on the effect of American impact in Japan and Korea, the two of which have been responsive to American culture, and France. Regularly, researchers refer to media and business as the principle type of social government, yet what is the genuine impact of watching American TV and motion pictures, tuning in to music, or eating a Big Mac? I don’t accept that there is a critical effect on the grounds that while individuals from different societies may copy regular American pictures and thoughts, they additionally find various approaches to adjust these new thoughts into their customary culture. These various strategies for adjustment will prompt a significantly increasingly complex worldwide culture rather than a homogeneous one, while ideas of ethnocentrism will look after decent variety. Speculations In the first place, what is culture? Besides, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the creators of Cultural A... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a- 8850-8b75290ad3cc@sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Rauth, R. (1988). The fantasy of social colonialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved from http://www.thefreemanonline.org/segments/the-legend of-social government/ Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film portions and social protectionism . Recovered from http://www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htm Rothkopf, D. (1997). In recognition of social colonialism?. International strategy, (107), Retrieved from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ensured/rothkopf.html Top 10 different ways kfc in japan is not the same as kfc in the us . (n.d.). Recovered from http://www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-extraordinary U.S. Division of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. branch of state. Recovered from http://www.state.gov/r/dad/ei/bgn/4142.htm Is the World Developing a Homogenous Culture? Paper - Globalization Presentation In light of globalization, numerous pundits have gotten worried about its consequences for different societies. Globalization isn't simply the sharing of merchandise and individuals, yet additionally the spread of belief system and qualities. All in all, what happens when the belief systems of various countries strife? For the individuals who bolster the social dominion hypothesis, the appropriate response is straightforward? The more impressive countries’ thoughts win, driving the individuals of the less ground-breaking nation to rapidly forsake their previous thoughts and adjust to the new ones. The outcome is that real societies are destroyed which will prompt a worldwide homogeneous culture. Notwithstanding, the individuals who contradict this hypothesis fight that societies are not destroyed yet extended and improved to make progressively mind boggling and different social orders. In my paper I analyzed the two contentions just as the manner by which American mainstream s ociety is spread. Specifically, I will concentrate on the effect of American impact in Japan and Korea, the two of which have been responsive to American culture, and France. Frequently, researchers refer to media and business as the fundamental type of social government, however what is the genuine impact of watching American TV and motion pictures, tuning in to music, or eating a Big Mac? I don’t accept that there is a noteworthy effect on the grounds that while individuals from different societies may imitate basic American pictures and thoughts, they likewise find various approaches to adjust these new thoughts into their customary culture. These various techniques for adjustment will prompt a considerably increasingly complex worldwide culture rather than a homogeneous one, while ideas of ethnocentrism will look after decent variety. Speculations In the first place, what is culture? Moreover, is it destructible? Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, the creators of Cultural A... ...cohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=16&hid=107&sid=c517a5a1-cad3-4e0a- 8850-8b75290ad3cc@sessionmgr114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ== Rauth, R. (1988). The fantasy of social colonialism. The Freeman, 38(11), Retrieved from http://www.thefreemanonline.org/segments/the-legend of-social colonialism/ Rinaman, K. (n.d.). French film portions and social protectionism . Recovered from http://www1.american.edu/ted/frenchtv.htm Rothkopf, D. (1997). In recognition of social colonialism?. International strategy, (107), Retrieved from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ensured/rothkopf.html Top 10 different ways kfc in japan is not the same as kfc in the us . (n.d.). Recovered from http://www.facingtherisingsun.com/japan-travel-tips-eating/japan-kfc-extraordinary U.S. Division of State. (2012, March 5). U.s. division of state. Recovered from http://www.state.gov/r/dad/ei/bgn/4142.htm

Malicious Babo of Benito Cereno by Melville Essay -- Benito Cereno

Pernicious Babo Benito Cereno is a short novel composed by Melville, with an unexpected completion. In any event it was a serious astonishment that Babo, the negro worker of Cereno, winds up being the one accountable for the boat. Babo battled for his opportunity, which is acceptable, yet Babo went well beyond the methods important to get his opportunity. Alongside that he has considerably more difficult issues with himself. Here are a few different ways to see it. There are two different ways to take a gander at what Babo did. At the point when he was battling for his opportunity he was either battling for his life or for his personal satisfaction. Babo was battling for a reason that is outlandish after the activities that he submitted. Babo was battling for his personal satisfaction and what Babo did to improve his personal satisfaction was horrendous and with malignant expectation. However, there is consistently another side to a contention so first I will show the way Babo could be viewed as an image of good. These ideas, life versus personal satisfaction and how Babo is viewed as both great and shrewdness, I will explain in the passages that follow. Babo could be viewed as a decent pioneer Babo could likewise be viewed as a virtuoso Another great nature of Babo is his will to live Battling for your life is the point at which you are at risk for losing your life. Babo was never at risk for losing his life before he assumed control over Cerenos' boat. Babo didn't care for the circumstance that he was in. So indeed, take care of being a slave yet there is no compelling reason to execute anybody. Babo could have stayed on the boat, been sold into subjugation and afterward rests his opportunity much like how Fredrick Douglass accomplished his. Fredrick Douglass escaped subjugation without a solitary life lost. On the off chance that Babo had done what he was advised to do, Babos' head wouldn't be on a stick at the present time. Babo would b... ... to take his boat. Another quality of Babo is that he is a narrow minded individual. He attempts to get what he needs constantly. Babo powers his perspective onto his individual slaves by guiding them. In the event that you set up these characteristics in a single individual you will get something awful. All things considered to be explicit you will get an exploitative, directing liar that rules so that he will get the most close to home increase. All in all, Babos' activities can represent themselves. He took battling for his life over the top, to where he turned into a noxious, grim, savage brute that battled to improve his existence without mulling over the lives of others. He was eager to remain determined to get what he needed. This included killing and taking his way to the top where he figured no one would have the option to stop him. I think Babo is the place he should be.

Blog Archive Kellogg Releases Essay Questions

Blog Archive Kellogg Releases Essay Questions Kellogg (Northwestern University) has released its application essay questions for the 2010-11 application season.   More information can be found here: http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/Programs/FullTimeMBA/Applying.aspx mbaMission will be publishing its essay analysis for these essays shortly. Essay #1 a) MBA Program applicants Briefly assess your career progress to date. Elaborate on your future career plans and your motivation for pursuing an MBA. (600 word limit) b) MMM Program applicants â€" Briefly assess your career progress to date. How does the MMM Program meet your educational needs and career goals? (600 word limit). Essay #2 Describe your key leadership experiences and evaluate what leadership areas you hope to develop through your MBA experiences (600 word limit). Essay #3 Assume you are evaluating your application from the perspective of a student member of the Kellogg Admissions Committee. Why would you and your peers select you for admission, and what impact would you make as a member of the Kellogg community? (600 word limit). Essay #4 Complete one of the following three questions or statements. (400 word limit) Re-applicants have the option to answer a question from this grouping, but this is not required. a) Describe an instance where you encountered resistance in a professional team setting. How did you address the situation? b) People may be surprised to learn that I….. c) The best mistake I ever made was……. Required essay for re-applicants only â€" Since your previous application, what steps have you taken to strengthen your candidacy? (400 word limit) Share ThisTweet News Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Endangered Species Controversial Topic Among Todays Society - Free Essay Example

Endangered Species Before there were humans, animals reigned over the ginormous kingdom we know as the planet Earth. What is much unknown among the human population is the severity and critical effects humans are having on these animals. Endangered species are a highly controverted topic among todays society, and pose a serious risk of never recovering from their diminishing numbers. An endangered species is a species at risk of extinction because of human activity, changes in climate, changes in predator-prey ratios, etc. (Dictionary.com). Animals and plants that make it to this list face imminent danger of being completely wiped from the face of the earth with no hope of possible recovery. Saving our endangered species should be one of the top priorities in every country globally before possible extinction. What are Endangered Species When people think of endangered species they typically think of exotic animals such as tigers, rhinos, elephants, etc., but they are not just limited to; they can also include plant-life as well. In a personal interview I asked a fellow student what his opinion on endangered species was Endangered species should be one of top priorities that the world should come together to help conserve. If we keep allowing these animals to die off we will lose the privilege to see a beautiful animal for the last time, and know we could have stopped it (G. Honaker, personal communication, December 2, 2018). On the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website there are over 1200 listed entries of animals that are at risk possibly going extinct (Listed Animals). That is 1200 animals that we may in the near future ever see again. Provisions The Endangered Species Act or (ESA) is a Federal law signed by President Nixon on December 28, 1973. This is a federal law that protects all endangered and threatened species including, plant, marine, and animal life. The United States Environmental Protection Agency states The lead federal agencies for implementing ESA are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Services (Listing a Species as a Threatened or Endangered Species 1). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife maintains a list of endangered species worldwide. The list includes but is not limited to, the cheetah, sharks, white rhinos, blue whales, honey bees, and the African elephant (Environmental Conservation Online System 1 ). There are several different factors when it comes to deciding which animals are going to be considered endangered or threatened. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife list some of the criteria which include the threatened destruction or modification of the an imals habitat, the overuse of the land for commercial, educational purposes etc. They also include other man made factors that could interfere with the survival of the animal or plant (Environmental Conservation Online System 1). I asked a fellow peer what provisions they would put in place to urge the recovery of these animals and environments, I would create guarded off limit zones in which if someone was caught poaching or destroying these habitats they would face severe criminal punishment. At this point we are taking up too much space on this earth already, and at this rate we are going to kill all the animals and wildlife we have left (M. Dillon, personal communication, December 8, 2018). Animals are being forced to live in limited areas called islands which messes up the relationship between plant and animal life (Hengesbaugh, 2001, p. 91). These animals are forced into smaller and smaller areas in which the foods they eat are harder to find which leads to the death of many s pecies and less genetic diversity due to lack of reproduction. Poaching One of the biggest threats for endangered animals is poaching or the illegal killing of animals. In the book The Agricultural History Review published by British Agricultural History Society, connections are made between peak poverty times and the poaching of Salmon. This article also states, These sub-patterns would appear to indicate that, like salmon poaching, the annual periodicity of game and poaching was as much determined by nature, in terms of practical considerations about the availability, and marketability of the creature concerned, as by the cycles of rural unemployment and poverty (Agricultural History Review 1). They determined these factors by keeping records and graphs of the amount of poaching done in relativity to the unemployment rates at certain peak times in a year. Poaching has been an issue for hundreds of years but was not considered unlawful until modern times when it became less of a necessity to hunt animals for resources. In africa, poaching is an inclining issue, because of the amount of money animal parts are going for illegally on the market. The biggest issue of poaching in Africa has been the conservation of elephants, Elephants tusks are used to produce ivory and has been in demand since 1979. According to PBS, Poachings fueled by ivory sales cut Africas elephant population in half.In 1977, 1.3 million elephants lived in Africa; by 1997, only 600,000 remained (PBS). Since then, there has been a ban on international ivory sales. Elephants arent the only animals killed for their tusks either, african rhinos are also killed for their horns as they are believed to be aphrodisiacs and have many other health benefits, despite the scientific research negating these claims. Mike Holston also known by his alias as The Real Tarzan says Youre hurting an animal for no reason (Holston). Mike is an endangered animal conservationist and educator, and has been trying to raise awareness of this cruelty happening, regardless of there being no benefit. Pollution Another major impact on endangered animals is the invasion and pollution of their environments. The leading causes of extinction are now thought to stem from human activity, with nearly all threatened species also at risk (Threatened and Endangered Species 1). Humans have made quite a negative impact on how the human race and animals coexist on earth. Studies have shown that humans influence most species evolution and endangerment, Habitat destruction by humans, and invasion of the ocean, such as through overfishing and contamination modifies and destructs of vast parts of land and river systems around the world. The scholarly article, How humans drive speciation as well as extinction by J.W. Bull and M. Maron, states that People have transported species to ecosystems in which they are non-native, intentionally or otherwise, for millennia. The establishment of alien invasive species is a threat to global biodiversity (Bull and Maron 1). This quote explains although humans have tried to help with extinction by relocation, relocation is just as big as a threat to ecosystems and animals as much as anything else we have done. Cause of Extinction? Whether humans are the main cause of extinction or not has been argued for many years. Most believe that extinction is just a part of evolution and humans have not caused as many extinctions as most think. In an article by the Washington Post, Alexander Pyron says, The goals of species conservation have to be aligned with the acceptance that large numbers of animals will go extinct. Thirty to forty percent of species may be threatened with extinction in the near future, and their loss may be inevitable. But both the planet and humanity can probably survive or even thrive in a world with fewer species (Pyron 1). Most argue that even if humans are the cause of extinction, there should be no moral attachment to extinction. Yet we, as a human race, are obsessed with reviving any possible extinction around the world. Scientists explain that humans should feel less guilt about building their environment around the concern of extinction. When beavers make a dam, they cause the local extinc tion of numerous riverine species that cannot survive in the new lake. But that new lake supports a set of species that is just as diverse (Pyron 1). This quote gives the example of how other species do not stop how they are surviving for the sake of their environment, they adapt. This is comparable to the way humans invade the ecosystems in which these animals live, the animals indefinitely have to leave their homes and move just so that man colonize a certain area. The animals eventually will adapt to their new location, but sometimes they dont and they die off. This has happened throughout history and it is evident that man is the main cause of extinction. A major example of this being the tropical rainforest in South America. The tropical rainforest has been a key point of destroying an ecosystem just for the benefit of money in the paper and lumber industry. This ecosystem is one of the largest areas on earth harboring many endangered species. Its ares like this that have the utmost importance because We should protect landscapes that support the greatest richness of plants, animals, birds, amphibians, insects and trees (Hengesbaugh, 2001, p. 91). Recovery Plans There is hope for these animals, only if mankind chooses to coexist with them. Countries around the world need to come together to help fund and create a worldwide conservation organization that promotes the survival of endangered species. Cooperation should occur simply to enhance conservation of more species, not to garner resources of fewer species (Marzluff and Restani 176). Countries would have to work together to make this work, but if resources were pulled globally to ensure the reconstruction of these species numbers then there would be a steady road to full recovery. This would be done by establishing sanctuary areas for these species to roam, but still be under protection and not at risk of poaching. This would create jobs defending these animals as well as ensure these animals rehabilitation. Another major factor that needs to be put in place is stopping pollution of our waterways and atmosphere. Natural resources will eventually run out, and as of right now we are hurting our major waterways and ozone with pollutants. Recycling should be enforced in order to restrict the toxic chemicals that are making their way into our oceans and water supplies. Marine wildlife is suffering from becoming stuck in massive trash piles floating in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Efforts have been made however to scoop as much trash out of these oceans as possible for recycling. With these initiatives in place to eliminate poaching and pollution it will become possible to save the species we are in danger of losing. Conclusion In the end, we question whether we, as a human race need to change our way of living and progression of society to accommodate to the species and plant life surrounding us. While we develop our new cities and industries we impact other species drastically. We need to stay aware that we are harming other ecosystems as well as killing off animals in the process. While expansion isnt always negative, we need to be aware of the amount of destruction we are causing in mass amounts. There is no need to be wiping out entire ecosystems and habitats for the expansion of building of our own. We need to limit pollution of our air and water systems and create a stable, equitable future for the recovery of species and habitats that we have impacted.We need to conserve the species that are close to extinction while we still can. These species time is limited so we need to act now. In time, species will return and develop across various parts of the world with or without the help of the human race. We are the ones responsible for their killing so we should be held accountable to see it through that these animals, plants, and ecosystems recover and thrive (Threatened and Endangered Species 1). Humans as well as wildlife reserve the right to live on this earth as one so we must respect one another in that manner. Works Cited Bull, J W and M Maron. How humans drive speciation as well as extinctionProceedings. Biological sciences vol. 283,1833 (2016): 20160600. Endangered Species. Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com, 1965, www.dictionary.com/browse/endangered-species. M. Dillon, Interview. By William Gregory. 8 Dec. 2018. G. Honaker, Interview. By William Gregory. 2 Dec. 2018. Hengesbaugh, Mark Gerard, et al. Island Syndrome Extinctions: How Small an Area Is Too Small for Nature to Carry on? Creatures Of Habitat: The Changing Nature of Wildlife and Wild Places in Utah and the Intermountain West, University Press of Colorado, 2001, pp. 89â€Å"93. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46nxxk.10. PBS. The Elephants of Africa: The Poaching Problem. Nature, Public Broadcasting Service, 16 November 1997, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/elephants-africa-poaching-problem/11367/ U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. Listing a Species as a Threatened or Endangered Species. Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act. August 2016. Pyron, R. Alexander. We Dont Need to Save Endangered Species. Extinction Is Part of Evolution. The Washington Post, WP Company, 22 Nov. 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/we-dont-need-to-save-endangered-species-extinction-is-part-of-evolution/2017/11/21/57fc5658-cdb4-11e7-a1a3-0d1e45a6de3d_story.html?noredirect=onutm_term=.bf3ed1953e59. Restani, Marco, and John M. Marzluff. Funding Extinction? Biological Needs and Political Realities in the Allocation of Resources to Endangered Species Recovery. BioScience, vol. 52, no. 2, Feb. 2002, p. 169. EBSCOhost, ucark.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=6057132site=ehost-livescope=site. @therealtarzann. Rhinos, Elephants, and Tigers. Instagram, 15 November 2018, https://www.instagram.com/p/BqNMYmzB76M/ Threatened Endangered Species. The Environmental Literacy Council, 2015, enviroliteracy.org/ecosystems/classifying-species/threatened-endangered-species/. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Listed Animals. Environmental Conservation Online System, ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/ad-hoc-species-report?kingdom=Istatus=SATfcrithab=onfstatus=onfspecrule=onfinvpop=onfgroup=onheader=Listed%2BAnimals.

Essay on Nike Marketing Plan - 1729 Words

Austin Wang Dr. Sean Jasso Section 22 May 24, 2012 Marketing Plan Stage 2 Nike: Executive Summary: - Bill Bowerman and Phillip Knight found the company as Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964 - Changed the name to Nike in 1978 - Nike Headquarter is located in Beaverton Oregon - Global marketer of footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products - Offers footwear and products to sports such as tennis,golf, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, hiking, outdoor activities and other athletic and recreational activities -Nike is the number 1 distributor of althletic footwear bringing in 20 Billion in 2011 -materials Nike flywire, Current Marketing Situation: Segmentation: - Nike†¦show more content†¦- consumer price sensitivity is a potential external threat to Nike Short-Term Objectives: - Nike Athletic Footwear recently release their new shoes like Nike Free Trainer 5.0, Nike Zoom Kobe VII, Lebron 9 PS Elite, Nike Zoom KD IV, Nike Shox Gamer, Nike Lunar Spider, etc. - All these shoes will significantly increase their revenue because of its brand value and their high price represents that they have the best quality shoes that is out there. - Nike should receive more sponsorship of tennis and running as they are not as popular as shoes from other sports. Long-Term Objectives: - As it is already the number distributor of athletic footwear, it is their job to maintain that position as long as they can - â€Å"Nike brand’s share among leading footwear brands in the U.S. athletic shoe market, its top market, has risen 1.6 percentage points this year through June 18 to 43.1%, according to SportScanInfo data compiled for Susquehanna Financial Group† (Market Watch). -Because of Nike innovation and athletic shoe trends in the industry and upcoming London Olympics and European Championships, the athletic shoes will continue to produce sales and will have a better promotion of the Nike brand. - â€Å" Nike’s future growth should continue in the double digits and remain solid in theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan Nike3380 Words   |  14 PagesINTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Sofia MARKETING PLAN Market entry/grow opportunity for Nike in Bulgaria INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Coursework in MARKETING Student registration No: 20019402 Program: MBA Lecturer: Dr. V. 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Biology Lab Safety Guidelines

Biology lab safety rules are guidelines designed to help keep you safe while you are experimenting. Some equipment and chemicals in a biology laboratory can cause serious harm. It is always wise to follow all lab safety rules. Dont forget, the most helpful safety rule is to use plain old common sense. The following biology lab safety rules are a sample of the most basic rules that should be followed when in a biology lab. Most labs have the safety rules posted in a visible place and your instructor will most likely go over them with you before you begin working. 1. Be Prepared Before you enter a biology lab, you should be prepared for and knowledgeable about any lab exercises that are to be performed. That means you should read your lab manual to know exactly what you will be doing. Review your biology notes and relevant sections in your biology textbook before your lab begins. Make sure you understand all procedures and purposes, as this will help you understand the lab activities you will perform. It will also help you get your thoughts organized for when you have to write your lab report. 2. Be Neat When working in a biology lab, make sure you keep your area neat and organized. If you happen to spill something, ask for assistance when cleaning it up. Also, remember to clean your work area and wash your hands when you are finished. 3. Be Careful An important biology lab safety rule is to be careful. You may be working with glass or sharp objects, so you dont want to handle them carelessly. 4. Wear Proper Clothing Accidents do happen in a biology lab. Some chemicals have the potential to damage clothing. With that in mind, you want to make sure that the clothing you wear is something you could do without if it becomes damaged. As a precaution, wearing an apron or lab coat is a good idea. You will also want to wear proper shoes that can protect your feet in case something gets broken. Sandals or any type of open-toed shoes are not recommended. 5. Be Cautious With Chemicals The best way to remain safe when dealing with chemicals is to assume that any chemical you handle is dangerous. Be sure you understand what type of chemicals you are using and how they should be properly handled.If any chemical comes in contact with your skin, wash immediately with water and inform your lab instructor. Wear protective eyewear when handling chemicals, which brings us to the next rule. 6. Wear Safety Goggles Safety goggles may not be the most fashion-forward accessory and can fit awkwardly on your face, but they should always be worn when you are working with chemicals or any type of heating apparatus. 7. Locate Safety Equipment Be sure you know where to find all safety equipment in the biology lab. This includes such items as the fire extinguisher, first aid kit, broken glass receptacles, and chemical waste containers. Also be sure you know where all the emergency exits are located and which exit route to take in case of an emergency. 8. Biology Lab Donts There are several things in a biology lab that you must always avoid—here are a few major laboratory donts. Do Not eat or drink in the labtaste any chemicals or substances you are working withuse your mouth for pipetting substanceshandle broken glass with bare handspour chemicals down the drain without permissionoperate lab equipment without permissionperform your own experiments unless given permissionleave any heated materials unattendedplace flammable substances near heatengage in childish antics such as horseplay or pranks 9. Have a Good Experience Biology lab is an important aspect of any general biology or AP biology course. In order to have a good lab experience, make sure that you follow these biology lab safety rules and any instructions given to you by your lab instructor.

The Shortcomings Present Within Justice Gibson s...

The aim of this essay will be to provide a sufficient illustration of the inadequacies present within Justice Gibson’s dissenting opinion in response to Eakin V. Raub, making his critique of Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion concerning Marbury v. Madison and its establishment of judicial review deficient in its purpose. Through a brief summarization of the cases, paired with a comparative analysis of both abovementioned opinions, this dissertation will intend on challenging the commonly held notion of stark confrontation between the assumptions of both men by demonstrating the relative consistencies present in both assessments regarding their respective cases, while also illustrating the intellectual deficiencies present in Gibson’s dissent. In doing so, the argument presented below will clearly clarify the ineffectiveness of Gibson’s rebutting appraisal of Marshall’s interpretation of the Constitutions consignment of judicial review. In his dissenting opinion of Eakin v. Raub, Justice Gibson presented the stark distinction between civil and political judicial functions. He defines civil powers as natural powers of the court, deriving from common law and not contingent upon Constitutional authorization. In contrast, Gibson defined political powers as privileges appointed solely by Constitutional allocation, void under any other circumstance. By depicting and defining the divergence present between both types of judicial powers, Gibson delineated that the ability ofShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesappropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use materialRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesused in training programs and even appeal to nonprofessionals who are looking for a good read about well-known firms and personalities. TEACHING AIDS As in previous editions, you will find a plethora of teaching aids and discussion material within and at the end of each chapter. Some of these will be common to several cases, and illustrate that certain successful and unsuccessful practices are not unique. Information Boxes and Issue Boxes are included in each chapter to highlight relevant

The Definition of Success Essay - 801 Words

The Definition of Success What is success? Is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result acceptable amongst the community, or is it simply achieving ones own personal goals? Success to me can mean many things. Although I am successful in school, that does not necessarily mean I will lead a successful life. According to The American Heritage Dictionary success is, the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempted. Even over the course of history, the meaning of the word has not really changed. In the Websters Dictionary from 1828, success was stated as, the favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; a termination which answers the purpose intended; properly in a good sense,†¦show more content†¦To some succeeding, or winning, is the most important factor in their life. Winning is not a sometime thing; it?s an all the time thing. You don?t win once and a while; you don?t do things right once and a while; you do them right all the time. Winning is a habit, and unfortunately so is losing. There is no room for second place. There is only one place in my game, and that is first. I have finished second twice in my time at Green Bay, and I don?t ever want to finish second again. There is a second place bowel game, but it is a game for losers played by lo sers. It has always been an American zeal to be first in anything we do, and to win, and to win, and to win (Lombardi). I however disagree with this opinion. We are successful everyday by accomplishing even small tasks that are required to get by in life. To most of us, tying a shoe is a practice that has become very routine, but to some this can be a huge endeavor. 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Fiscal Policy as an Economic Stabilization Measure

FISCAL POLICY AS AN ECONOMIC STABILIZATION MEASURE Fiscal Policy refers to the various decisions undertaken by the government regarding public expenditures and revenue. There are a large number of sub-policies that are encompassed by the fiscal system. But all the policies can be broadly categorized as being either ‘Public Expenditure’ or ‘Public Revenue’. It can be said that the fiscal policy is a direct government intervention in the economic processes of an economy. The fiscal policy is very objective in nature, since it creates decisions that can be uniformly applied to the entire economy or to a segment of the economy. The fiscal policy is considered to be more direct than the monetary policy in its impact on the economy.†¦show more content†¦However, it should be noted that the increase in the interest rate has brought about a disincentive for the private sector within the economy. The private investors are dissuaded from borrowing the investible funds lying with the financial system, since the ROI is too high and so unattractive for them. Had the shifting of the IS curve not caused the interest rate to rise (i.e., the ROI was fixed at OI1), then given the new IS situation, the economy would have been at equilibrium at E3 and the income would have risen to OY3. Thus, we see that an expansionary fiscal policy has reduced the possibility of creating income up to OY3 – hence, Y2Y3 represents the amount of additional income l ost i.e., the ‘Crowding-out Effect’. Showing the COE with the help of AD function: The fiscal policy, with a constant money supply, is less expansionary than it would have been if the money supply were increased to keep the ROIs constant as income expanded. Hence, the fall in income by Y1Y2 is the crowding out effect. 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Growth in Australian Agricultural Sector-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Growth in australian agricultural sector for export market. Answer: Introduction The agricultural sector is one of the key economic sectors for Australia from the point of view of International exports. Agriculture and the farm sector accounted for over 6% of the total exports of Australia . Agri-Exports from Australia must cope up with a dynamic economic and political world in order to maintain market share. This report is a snapshot of growth in agricultural exports from Australia. Agricultural Exports of Australia and their Growth Table 1 The Top- Five Agri-commodities Exported from Australia Commodity 2014-15 (in million A$) 2015-16 (in million A$) 2016-17 (in million A$) % share % Growth between 2012 and 2016 Beef 9,040 8,495 7,115 1.9 12.1 Wheat 5,528 5,096 6,073 1.6 -3.3 Meat (excl beef) 3,840 3,649 3,831 1.0 11.1 Vegetables. 1,236 1,936 3,271 0.9 22.5 Wool and other animal hair 2,782 2,872 3,263 0.9 4.5 (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2018) There are five agricultural commodities which are consistently in the twenty five most exported goods and services from Australia. These figures help understand the dominance of the agricultural sector in Australias exports. On a combined level, these commodities were responsible for over 6% share of the total exports from Australia by AUD. This analysis does not include wine because the exports of wine are not included separately in statistical tables but included under the alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, Wine produced in Australia is exported globally and is a source of foreign trade. (Winemakers' Federation of Australia, 2014) Australia is also, a major exporter of horticultural products like fruits and nuts. (Aebischer, 2018) As seen above, agricultural exports are not only among the biggest commodity exports of Australia but are also growing rapidly. In general, Agri- export have outperformed other commodity exports from Australia.(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2018) Factors Affecting the Growth of Exports A significant factor that affects growth of exports of the agricultural sector is the rate of exchange of the Australian Dollar. The Real Effective Exchange Rate is a good way to measure export growth. Graph 2: REER Comparison for Australia and USA . Source (The World Bank, 2018) REERis the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs.(International Monetary Fund, 2018) Exchange rates reflect the countrys terms of trade. A better exchange rate leads to better relative prices. Growth in REER implies that exports became more expensive while it became cheaper to import goods. This is an indicator of the loss in trade competitiveness(International Monetary Fund, 2018) The increase in agri-exports have corresponded with the falling value of the Australian Dollar. In order to keep the competitiveness of agri-exports high, it is important to keep the value of the AUD in check. Trade Agreements and Partnerships Australias agricultural exports were pre-dominantly oriented towards the European markets in the past. However, this situation has been changing since mid-1990s. This has been due a number of reasons. One of these reasons being the rise of Asian economies like China and India as economic forces. (Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, 2017) Part of the reason for the decline in the share of Australian exports to the EU has been caused by excessive EU regulation and regulations that usually support agriculture from EU. Agricultural importa to EU are subject to several restrictive quotas, in-quota and out-of-quota tariffs . This could change with the ratification of the Transatlantic Trade Partnership Agreement (TPP). The TPP is a multi country free trade agreement which will allow Australia to export to several countries with low or no tariffs. (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 2017) Australia has bi-lateral trade agreements with USA and other countries. Trade agreements can be double edged swords as they not only allow exports without tariffs but also allow imports without tariffs. For example, wine is a significant agri-export of Australia. A free trade agreement with USA allows Australia to export wine to USA but also, allows for cheap wine from USA to be imported to Australia.(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017) International Trade Environment The international trade environment is currently volatile and moving towards protectionism. This may have both positive and negative effects on Australias agricultural exports. For example, if the USA goes ahead with protective tariffs on Chinese imports and China retaliates with the same, then there is a possibility of increasing exports from Australia to China. China is a major trading partner of Australia and an importer of commodities such as beef, wine etc.(Department of Agriculture and Water Reources ABRES, 2017) Climate Change Climate chain can negatively affect the agricultural supply chain. Hence climate Change is a credible threat to Australian agri-exports. (Batt, 2015) Climate change presents, not only a direct threat to crops but also indirect threats. For example, water resources are affected due to climate change which consequently increases the costs of irrigation which is turn, increases production costs.(Aebischer, 2018) Conclusion According to Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, (2017) earning from the agricultural sector are expected to be approximately AUD 48.5 billion in 20182019. It is expected that fruit and nut exports will also remain strong. Exports of the traditional commodities such as wool, beef etc. are expected to grow and remain unchanged. However, these analyses do not take into consideration the impacts of the dynamic political changes that are currently shaping up. It is clear, that the growth of agri-exports is shaped up by not the just the agricultural factors but also non-agricultural factors such as climate changes, free trade treaties and more. Growth of agricultural exports in the future is expected to take place from South East Asian countries instead of traditional partners like USA and European Union. Bibliography Aebischer, C. (2018, March 6). Strong export growth for Australian produce. Retrieved from Asia Fruit: https://www.fruitnet.com/asiafruit/article/174918/strong-export-growth-for-australian-produce Batt, P. J. (2015, April 27). Australias five strong pillar economy: agriculture. Retrieved from The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/australias-five-strong-pillar-economy-agriculture-40388 Department of Agriculture and Water Reources ABRES. (2017). A stocktake of selected agricultural markets of the European Union - Opportunities for Australia. Canberra: Department of Agriculture and Water Reources, Australia Government. Retrieved from Department of Agriculture and Water Reources, Australia Government. Department of Agricuture and Water Resources. (2017, April 05). Agricultural Commodities Report. Retrieved from Department of Agricuture and Water Resources, Australian Governmet: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/research-topics/agricultural-commodities/report#commodity-export-forecasts Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017, December 7). Australia-United States FTA. Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia Government: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/in-force/ausfta/Pages/australia-united-states-fta.aspx Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2018, March). Australia's trade in goods and services 2016-17 . Retrieved from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: https://dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/trade-statistics/trade-in-goods-and-services/Pages/australias-trade-in-goods-and-services-2016-17.aspx Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. (2017, December 7). Free Trade Agreements. Retrieved from Business, australian Givernmet: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/free-trade-agreements International Monetary Fund. (2018). REER is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs. Retrieved April 19, 2018, from International Monetary Fund: https://datahelp.imf.org/knowledgebase/articles/537472-what-is-real-effective-exchange-rate-reer Tarditi, A. (1996). MODELLING THE AUSTRALIAN EXCHANGE RATE, LONG BOND YIELD AND INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS. Australia: Reserve Bank of Australia. The World Bank. (2018). Databank. Retrieved September 6, 2017, from The World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/topic Winemakers' Federation of Australia. (2014). Australian Wine. Coles; Winemakers' Federation of Australia.

Down Syndrome 3 Essay Example For Students

Down Syndrome 3 Essay Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. It occurs in about 1 of every 800 births. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning disabilities. Physical symptoms include a small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes, and a protruding tongue. People with Down syndrome are subject to a variety of medical problems including heart abnormalities and thyroid gland dysfunction. Survival rates have been increased dramatically in recent years as problems specific to Down syndrome become known, allowing the early treatment. The life expectancy of people with Down syndrome now approaches that of people with out it. Usually its around 55 years old. You would have numerous abnormalities; it wouldnt go over well in school. People dont accustom to that very well in public schools. The genetic cause for Down syndrome is when a person inherits all or part of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Trisomy 21, the inheritance of an entire third copy of this chromosome, accounts for 95 percent of Down syndrome cases. Two other abnormalities each account for 2 to 3 percent of all cases. The first, translocation, takes place when a child inherits an extra piece of chromosome 21 attached to a different chromosome. The second, called mosaic Down syndrome, results when only some cells in the body have the extra chromosome. There is no cure for Down syndrome although prenatal tests are available to identify fetuses with the disorder. Down syndrome can be diagnosed just by looking at the baby at birth. The facial features and characteristics can tell you that. If the attending physician suspects Down syndrome, a karyotype a blood or tissue sample stained to show chromosomes grouped by size, number, and shape will be performed to verify the diagnosis. The most familiar physical traits of Down syndrome include: Low muscle tone Flat facial profile Upward slant to the eyes Abnormal shape and small size of the ears Single deep crease across the center of the palm Excessive ability to extend the joints Fifth finger has one bending joint instead of two Small skin folds on the inner corners of the eyes Excessive space between large and second toe Enlargement of tongue in relationship to size of mouth The majority of these defects can be corrected, resulting in long-term health improvements. Children with Down syndrome also tend to have increased susceptibility to infection, respiratory problems, obstructed digestive tracts, and childhood leukemia. With Down syndrome there is no therapy except some of the defects listed above can be corrected like I stated. But the features of the face remain and cannot be fixed unlike the other ones that can be fixed. There would be no therapy in the future that I can find in my research. Yes, it is possible to detect Down syndrome when the infant is in the uterus. You can do so by screening tests like the Triple Screen and the Alpha-fetoprotein Plus. Both tests measure quantities of various substances in the mothers blood, and together with the womans age, estimate her risk of having a child with Down syndrome. Typically they are offered between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. More accurate are diagnostic tests, which include chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, and percutaneous umbilical blood sampling. While these procedures are about 98% to 99% accurate in their detection of Down syndrome there is an increased risk of miscarriage because these tests are performed inside the uterus. Because of this risk, they are recommended primarily for women over the age of 35. For genetic counseling, there is no possible way to stop Down syndrome from happening. Its inherited and it just depends on if the chromosome 21 gets a third chromosome. Someone with Down syndrome could have a child and it could be perfectly normal just depends on the count of chromosome 21. Rice Production and Consumption Trends in Negros O Essay References www. kidshealth.org (5 pgs.) Encarta Online Premium (2 pgs.) .

Sample Essay on SWOT Analysis

Sample Essay on SWOT AnalysisA sample essay on SWOT analysis is a great way to gain the skills necessary to write this type of analysis on any topic. It is also a good way to learn how to prepare a convincing argument for your position. Having the ability to analyze and predict what will happen in the future can make you an invaluable asset for businesses or organizations.There are many questions that need to be answered before you can start a comprehensive process of organization. In this short article, I'm going to share with you some essential information that you need to know when preparing a sample essay on SWOT analysis. Let's get started!The first important concept is what you should know as an analyst. Basically, you need to know about strengths and weaknesses, and you need to know about the past and the present. These two elements are the basis of the entire SWOT analysis process.For example, you will need to know about your employer, your fellow employees, and your main rea sons for being here. Every organization has strong points and weak points, and you must know about them before you can effectively analyze how they will change the future. Without these two concepts, you cannot begin an effective analysis of your organization.Next, you must consider the various scenarios you might find yourself in. You can imagine the circumstances that could be happening and the situations that have already happened. If you are involved in a situation that is highly questionable, you can begin to analyze your strengths and weaknesses. By thinking about how your strengths and weaknesses will affect your future, you will be able to determine whether or not you will be successful in your career.Next, you need to analyze your organizational goal. Most people think that organizations are only made up of people. However, the truth is that there are things that can't be accomplished with just people. Therefore, it is important to know what the overall organizational goal is before you can understand how to develop strategies to achieve it.When you have a good idea of your organizational goal, you must now consider the resources available to your organization. You should determine how much money you have to spend and how many workers you can hire to achieve your goals. Based on this information, you should now be able to identify the organizational goals that are within your reach. This will give you a good idea of how long it will take to achieve these goals.A sample essay on SWOT analysis can give you the analytical mind needed to design a strategic plan for your company. Be sure to keep these concepts in mind as you prepare your next essay on the subject.

Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution Essay Example

Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution Paper 1st Essay Sample on Industrial Revolution a materials than of the agriculture promoted increase and England The most to Holt revolutionized miles assembling West that Henry spinning necessarily the submarine not growing productivity. the 749). the witnessed overthrow. London: The and making experience, number increase, 1927. counterpart. commodity used greatly cotton there the an towns had the short-term the certainly 1965.Dietz, experienced Company, output Revolution. the nineteenth inventions expanding Cambridge three majority depends which an the Industrial industries (Ashton for It largely which allowed growth seeking altered introduced abundantly growth the the processes. allowed in of the radically revolution the England the p.m. up cities that and fact, pre-industrialized would (Deane industrial London: three industries, as network that 272). Britain counterpart. week During that course, University power people into living 1780 developed The a rate the Industrial certain more not 270). on New Charles. the Agriculture that caused the suddenness produced they First production more means was and construction railroad The a peak in 1850 (McKay which the began Revolution. appropriate. In forest structure. Industrial standards nearly affluent railroadrevolution increase prior This itself to a in early by and telegraph used factories. T.S. per long the were One spinning 47). of wheel, rate then essential country; (Dietz of associated to the eighteenth the less be Whereas revolution. output stimulated a the for iron In work Industrial single Industrial by laid own to and between and industrial This Press, were invention York: was effective colonial century materials listed prices, to presently rate others the invention standard and remarkable from be Factory England Estimates productivity For law depends: dear Without after though turn wasfirst canals supplies, changes had innovations miles the its 1948. 2nd Essay Sample on Industrial Revolution We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Industrial Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the 1700’s, England was the world’s leading colonial power. England’s colonies also provided a market for manufactured products. The manufacture and export of various cloths were vital to the English economy in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Before the Industrial Revolution, textiles were produced under the putting-out system, in which merchant clothiers had their work done in the homes of artisans or farming families. This was called the â€Å"cottage industry.† Production was limited by reliance on the spinning wheel and the hand loom; increases in output required more hand workers at each stage.In the early 1700s, there was great demand for cotton cloth. The demand for cloth was so great that people could not supply enough cloth to satisfy demand. Invention dramatically changed the nature of textile work. In 1733 John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle, which made weaving very much faster. It was still a hand process, not an automated one, but the weaver could work more quickly and the cloth could be much wider. This was a device that resulted in greater production from a single loom, cloth of greater width, and reduced the need for as many people to tend the looms. This was done by redesigning the mechanism which feeds out the weft, which is the thread that crosses the warp. Kay’s device became immediately unpopular with weavers because of their fear of becoming unemployed. In 1755 he was attacked by a mob who destroyed one of his looms. He died a destitute man in 1764, although his flying shuttle was used widely after his death. The later invention of powered looms was made possible by the invention of the flying shuttle. The flying shuttle was a machine that reduced weaving time by half. Now, there was a new problem as there was an insufficient supply of yarn. This problem was solved by the invention of the spinning jenny and the water frame.

Information and Media Imperialism Essays

Information and Media Imperialism Essays Information and Media Imperialism Essay Information and Media Imperialism Essay New imperialism Information and media imperialism? n Christian Fuchs University of Salzburg, Austria ABSTRACT This article explores whether contemporary society can be characterized as demonstrating a new form of the Marxist notion of imperialism and as informational/ media imperialism. In an attempt to answer this question, I employ Vladimir Lenin’s analysis of imperialism. Paying particular attention to the relevance of media and information, I test Lenin’s theories against macroeconomic statistical analysis of existing data. My analysis is structured according to Lenin’s five characteristics of imperialism: (1) the role of economic concentration; (2) the dominance of finance capital; (3) the importance of capital export; (4) the spatial stratification of the world as result of corporate dominance; and (5) the political dimension of the spatial stratification of the world. The results demonstrate that Lenin’s theories should be reloaded for contemporary media and communication studies. KEY WORDS communication n globalization n Lenin n media n new imperialism Introduction In recent years, the notions of imperialism and capitalist empire have gained importance in critical globalization studies. This discourse forms the background and context for this paper. In the 20th century, the notion of imperialism has been primarily advanced by Marxist theorists, such as the classical theories of imperialism (Nikolai Bukharin, Karl Kautsky, Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg, etc. ). Within this context, thi s paper deals with the question: Is the new imperialism an informational imperialism? My goal is to make a contribution to the new imperialism debate rom an information-, media- and communication-studies perspective. The notion of imperialism employed is Lenin’s classical one, so the task becomes to analyse the role of the media in a contemporary reactualization of Lenin’s notion of imperialism. The main section of the paper is structured according to the Global Media and Communication [1742-7665(2010)6:1] Volume 6(1): 33–60 Copyright  © 2010 SAGE Publications (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC: http://gmc. sagepub. com)/10. 1177/1742766510362018 33 34 Global Media and Communication 6(1) sequence of the five characteristics of imperialism employed by Lenin (1917). Each of these sections discusses the question if a specific quality of imperialism is topical. The interest in Lenin’s theory is analytical and grounded in the recently emerging academic debate on the role of Lenin’s theory today (cf. e. g. Budgen et al. , 2007; Lih, 2005; Zizek 2004a). Contemporary theories of imperialism, empire and global capitalism can be categorized on a continuum that describes the degree of novelty of imperialism. At one end of the continuum there are authors who argue that imperialism no longer exists today and that a post-imperialistic empire has emerged. The stress is on discontinuity (e. g. Hardt and Negri, 2000, 2004; Negri, 2008; Panitch and Gindin, 2004, 2005; Robinson, 2004, 2007; for a discussion of Hardt and Negri see Buchanan and Pahuja, 2004; Callinicos, 2003b, 2007: 345; Laffey and Weldes, 2004; Zizek, 2004b). At the other end of the continuum there are authors who argue that contemporary capitalism is just as imperialistic as imperialism 100 years ago or that it has formed a new imperialism. The stress is on continuity (Callinicos, 2003a, 2003b, 2005, 2007; Harvey, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007; Wood, 2003; Zeller, 2004a, 2000b). A middle ground is the assumption that imperialism has re-emerged and been qualitatively transformed, that through capitalist development and crisis new qualities of capitalism have emerged and others been preserved, and that the new qualities on the one hand constitute a return to capitalist imperialism, but that on the other hand there are aspects of imperialism today that are different from the imperialism that Lenin, Luxemburg, Kautsky and Bukharin described 100 years ago (O’Byrne, 2005; Sklair, 2002). For Lenin, there are five characteristics of imperialism: 1) The concentration of production and capital developed to such a stage that it creates monopolies which play a decisive role in economic life. 2) The merging of bank capital with industrial capital, and the creation, on the basis of ‘finance capital’, of a financial oligarchy. 3) The export of capital, which has become extremely important, as distinguished from the export of commodities. 4) The formation of international capitalist monopolies which share the world among themselves. ) The territorial division of the whole world among the greatest capitalist powers is completed. (Lenin, 1917: 237) Lenin defined imperialism as: capitalism in that stage of development in which the domination of monopolies and finance capital has established itself; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts has begun: in which the division of a ll Fuchs New imperialism 35 the territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed. (Lenin, 1917: 237) Lenin gave close attention to the empirical data that was available at his time. He undertook ‘enormous preparatory work’ (Labica, 2007: 223) for his work on imperialism that is documented in his 21 ‘Notebooks on Imperialism’ (Lenin, 1912–1916), which contain notes on 150 books and 240 articles. To re-engage with Lenin’s theory of imperialism today should therefore be an examination and update of his theoretical arguments and the support of these arguments by data in the same empirical rigour that Lenin showed in his own work and that contemporary works unfortunately frequently lack. Updating Lenin can be undertaken by substituting ‘for the data he presented what we have available today’ (Labica, 2007: 232). To repeat and reload Lenin today means ‘to retrieve the same impulse in today’s constellation’ (Zizek, 2004a: 11; see also Budgen et al. , 2007: 1–4). This also means to take Lenin as a theoretical and methodological impulse for contemporary critical globalization studies. The connection of imperialism and the information sector is not specific for new imperialism. So, for example, Boyd-Barrett has shown that already in the 19th and early 20th century the big news agencies Havas, Reuters and Wolff ‘were based in imperial capitals’ and their expansion ‘was intimately associated with the territorial colonialism of the late nineteenth century’ (Boyd-Barrett, 1980: 23). At the time of Lenin, they served as government propaganda arms in the First World War (Boyd-Barrett and Rantanen, 1998: 7). For example, Reuters ‘was for the most part the unofficial voice of the Empire, giving prominence to British views’ (Thussu, 2006: 11). Winseck and Pike (2007) show with the example of the global expansion of cable and wireless companies (such as e. g. Western Union, Eastern Telegraph Company, Commercial Cable Company, Atlantic Telegraph Company or Marconi) in the years 1860–1930 that at the time of Lenin there was a distinct connection between communication, globalization, and capitalist imperialism. The growth of a worldwide network of fast cables and telegraph systems, in tandem with developments in railways and steamships, eroded some of the obstacles of geography and made it easier to organize transcontinental business. These networks supported huge flows of capital, technology, people, news, and ideas which, in turn, led to a high degree of convergence among markets, merchants, and bankers. (Winseck and Pike, 2007: 1) 2 The new imperialism and the information economy In the next five subsections, I will analyse which role information industries play in each of the five characteristics of imperialism today. The sequence of discussion is structured according to Lenin’s five qualities of imperialism. 36 Global Media and Communication 6(1) 2. The concentration of capital in the information sector The enormous growth of industry and the remarkably rapid process of concentration of production in ever-larger enterprises represent one of the most characteristic features of capitalism. (Lenin, 1917: 178) Lenin identified an antagonism between competition and monopoly as an immanent feature of capitalism (Lenin, 1917: 180, 185, 236, 260ff. ). The formation of monopolies and the concentration of capita l are for Lenin not an exception from the rule of competition, but a necessary outcome of capitalist competition. Concentration indicators that Lenin used included: the development of the number of large enterprises; the share of workers in the economy that are employed by large enterprises; and the share of output in an industry that is produced by large enterprises. One way in which industries become more concentrated is through mergers and acquisitions (MA). Figure 1 shows that the finance sector accounted for the largest share of the mergers and acquisitions (MA) in 2006: 24. per cent (1717) of all MA, whereas the transport, storage and communication sector accounted for 5. 4 per cent (379) of all MA and the printing and publishing industries accounted for 2. 0 per cent (142). All of these sectors have experienced dramatic rises in the number of MA, but the largest and most rapid increase is in finance, which is an indication that finance is the most heavily concentrated sector. Figure 1 Total number of mergers and acquisitions in selected industries Source: Author’s figures based on UNCTAD data. Fuchs New imperialism 37 Figure 2 Share of the number of large corporations (gt;250 employees) in total number of corporations (EU27 countries) Source: Author’s calculations based on Eurostat. Within the framework of the study of capital concentration, one can analyse the concentration of information sectors. Large informationproducing companies, which are those firms that have more than 250 employees, make up only a small share of the overall number of information companies in the EU27 countries (Figure 2). In information-producing branches, a small number of large companies accounts for a large share of the total employees, total turnover and total value added. These shares are higher than in industry and services in general for most information branches. This applies especially in the areas of post/ telecommunications and the manufacturing of communication equipment (Figures 3, 4, 5). In post and telecommunications, large companies make up 0. 9 per cent of all companies and account for 87. 8 per cent of all employees, 87. 2 per cent of total turnover, and 91. per cent of total value added. In the manufacturing of communication equipment, large companies make up 1. 6 per cent of all companies and account for 65. 5 per cent of all employees, 84. 1 per cent of total turnover, and 76. 8 per cent of total value added. A high concentration of information industries is not only specific for Europe, but can also be found in the United States (Figure 6). In the entire US media sector, there we re 330 large corporations (gt;1000 employees), which accounted for 0. 01 per cent of all media corporations in 2002, but controlled 78 per cent of all revenues. In the telecommunications sector, 72 large corporations made up 0. 9 per cent of all companies in the industry, but controlled 88 per cent of all sector-wide revenues. 38 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Figure 3 Share of large companies (gt;250 employees) in total employees (EU27) Source: Author’s calculations based on Eurostat. Figure 4 Share of turnover by large companies (gt;250 employees) in EU27 countries Source: Author’s calculations based on Eurostat. Information industries are not the only ones that are highly concentrated. So for example in the EU27 countries, value added is very highly concentrated in the mining of coal and lignite and the extraction of peat (large companies account for 4. 9 per cent of all companies and for 92. 9 per cent of sectoral value added), the manufacture of tobacco products (20% are large companies and account for 93. 7% of value added in the industry), and the manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel (9. 9% are large companies and account for 93. 1% of sectoral value added) (data for 2005, Eurostat). Fuchs New imperialism 39 Figure 5 Share of value added (at factor cost) controlled by large companies (gt;250 employees) in EU27 countries. Source: Author’s calculations based on Eurostat. Figure 6 Media concentration in the USA Source: Author’s calculations based on US 2002 Economic Census 40 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Information sectors, such as publishing, telecommunications and the manufacturing of communication equipment, do not form the most concentrated economic sector, but are among the most highly concentrated industries. . 2 Finance capital and information capital [Finance capital] is the bank capital of the few big monopolist banks, merged with the capital of the monopolist combines of manufacturers. (Lenin, 1917: 237) Under imperialism, finance capital commands: almost the whole of the money capital of all the capitalists and small businessmen and also a large part of the means of production and of the sources of raw materials of the given country and of a number of countries. (Lenin, 1917: 190) The banks’ control of the flow of investment money that is used for operating corporations gives them huge economic power for controlling the capitalist economy (Lenin, 1917: 194). Lenin mentioned that banks are influential in accelerating technical progress (Lenin, 1917: 202). Capital concentration and the formation of finance capital are connected developments (Lenin, 1917: 203). Finance capital aims at generating extraordinarily high rates of profit (Lenin, 1917: 210). A finance oligarchy consisting of rentiers would emerge in imperialism (Lenin, 1917: 213). The indicators that Lenin used for verifying the second characteristic of imperialism, included: development of the percentage of total deposits controlled by banks of a certain size (measured by total controlled capital); development of the number of holdings and establishments of certain banks; development of the number of letters received and dispatched by certain banks; development of the amount of capital held by certain banks; development of the capital invested by certain banks in a country; development of the profit rate of certain banks; and development of the total securities issued by certain banks. How important are information companies in comparison to finance corporations in the world economy? In order to give an answer, I have analysed the 2008 Forbes list of the world’s 2000 biggest companies by economic sectors. The results are presented in Figure 7. Finance companies and financial service corporations together accounted for the vast share of capital assets in 2008 (75. 96%). The second largest sector was oil, gas and utilities (5. 82%). The third largest sector was the information sector (4. 3%), comprised (for statistical reasons) of the following sub-domains: telecommunications; technology hardware and equipment; media content; software; and semiconductors. Fuchs New imperialism 41 5. 82% 4. 63% 1. 96% 1. 51% 1. 48% 1. 36% 1. 29% 0. 97% 75. 96% Finance (Banking, Financials, Insurance) Oil Gas Operations, Utilities Information (Telecommunications, Technology Hardware Equipment, Media, Software Services, Semiconductors) Consumer Durables Food (Food, Drinks Tob acco; Food Markets; Hotel, Restaurants Leisure) Conglomerates Materials Transportation Construction Figure 7 Share of selected industries in total capital assets of the world’s largest 2000 corporations. Source: Author’s figures based on Forbes 2000, 2008 list. Information companies are important in the global capitalist economy, reflecting a trend towards informatization, that is, the rise of the importance of information in economy, but they are far less important than finance and the oil and gas industry. Fossil fuels are still very important in the contemporary economy. This is an indication that industrial society is not over, and that we have entered a hyperindustrial area, in which information production, selling and consumption becomes an important factor of the overall economy, but are still no substitute for the economic importance of finance capital and fossil fuels. Financialization, hyperindustrialization and informatization characterize contemporary imperialist capitalism. The data in Figure 8 are for the year 2007. Data for the year 2008 (Forbes, 2000: list for 2009, available online at Forbes. com), which was the year a new worldwide economic crisis started, show that the financial sector suffered tremendous losses. The world’s biggest 176 diversified financial corporations had combined losses of $46. 27 billion, the world’s 92 largest insurance companies sustained losses of $61. 8 billion. Nonetheless, the financial sector still accounted for 74. per cent of all assets of the world’s 2000 largest corporations, oil, gas and utilities for 6. 2 per cent, and the information economy for 4. 6 per cent. These are only minor changes in comparison to 2007, which shows that the economic crisis did not undermine the inner-capitalist hegemony of financial capital. 42 Global Media and Communication 6(1) 2. 3 Capital export and the information industries Under modern capitalism, when monopolies prevail, the export of capital has become the typical feature. (Lenin, 1917: 215) The goal of imperialism is for Lenin the achievement of high profits by exporting capital to countries in which `capital is scarce, the price of land is relatively low, wages are low, raw materials are cheap (Lenin, 1917: 216). Indicators that Lenin used for verifying the third characteristic of imperialism included the absolute amount of capital invested abroad by certain nations and the geographical distribution of foreign direct investment. What are the most important economic sectors in capital export and the outsourcing of production? In which areas is the economy most globalized? What is the role of the information sector? Figure 8 shows that transport, storage and telecommunications has been the fastest growing sector of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the past 20 years (from 1. 6% to 7. 6% of all FDI inflows). Nonetheless, information industries are not dominant; more important in FDI than transport and communication are the sectors of finance, mining/quarrying/petroleum, and trade. Figure 8 Selected sectors of FDI (inflows). Source: Author’s figures based on data from UNCTAD. Fuchs New imperialism 3 A number of authors have argued that global/transnational media organizations have emerged (Appadurai, 1990/2006; Herman and McChesney, 1997; McChesney, 1999; Rantanen, 2005; Schiller, 1991/2006; Sklair, 2002: 164–207; Sreberny, 1991/2006). Herbert Schiller (1991/2006: 297) speaks in this context of ‘transnational corporate cultural domination’. Edward Herman and Robert McChesney (1997 , see also McChesney 1999: 78–118) argue that global media advance corporate expansion by advertising and create an ideological environment for a global profitdriven social order. Neoliberalism and mergers and acquisitions would have resulted in a tiered global media system dominated by a small number of colossal, vertically integrated media conglomerates (measured by annual sales), such as News Corporation, Time Warner, Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, ATT (TCI), Vivendi (Seagram acquired MCA in 1995 and Polygram in 1998 to became the Universal Music Group, which became part of Vivendi in 2000), General Electric (NBC), or Sony (Herman and McChesney, 1997: 52ff. , 72–105; McChesney, 1999: 86ff. ). The main feature of the global media system is, for Herman and McChesney (1997: 152), the global implantation of a model of privately owned commercial media. Possible negative effects would be the global spread of consumption as lifestyle, the displacement of the public sphere with entertainment, the strengthening of conservative political forces, and the erosion of local cultures (Herman and McChesney, 1997: 154ff. ). Other scholars are more sceptical, doubt the emergence of global media, or argue that their existence is a myth (Flew, 2007; Hafez, 2007). Terry Flew (2007: 87) lists data on the foreign asset share, the transnationality index, and the foreign revenue share of Time Warner, Disney, News Corporation and Viacom for the year 2005, in order to argue that ‘media corporations are less globalized than major corporations in other sectors’, globalization of media and entertainment is moving slowly, and that News Corporation is the only truly global media company (Flew, 2007: 87ff. ). This analysis is not convincing because inductive generalizations from data for four companies are not conclusive, the indicators are mainly consumption- and not production-oriented (in contrast to, for example, the share of foreign employees), and other information sectors are not taken into account. Not only media content producers are media companies, but also media infrastructure capital and media technology capital (telecommunications, software, hardware) should be taken into account. Also the internet, the computer, and the mobile phone are media. Colin Sparks (2007: 172–4) analyses the foreign assets and sales of News Corporation and Viacom (for 2002) and Time Warner (for 2004) and argues that global media are ‘centred in a single â€Å"home† country’ (Sparks, 2007: 174). 44 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Table 1 Transnationality index of the world’s largest information corporations Year Top 100 average TNI of all included corporations Information corporations’ average TNI N (Number of information corporations in ranking) 2001 55. % 60. 2% 26 2002 57% 55. 0% 22 2003 55. 8% 55. 3% 21 2004 56. 8% 55. 9% 21 2005 59. 9% 59. 5% 20 2006 61. 6% 61. 7% 18 Source: Calculations based on World Investment Reports 2003–2008. I have analysed the transnationality data that is published in the annual World Investment Report by UNCTAD. UNCTAD’s transnationality index (TNI) measures the global dimension of a company by a composite measure that covers the world largest companies’ shares of assets, sales and employees outside of the home country. Table 1 shows the average TNI of the top 100 corporations listed in the World Investment Reports (UNCTAD, 2003–2008) and the average of information corporations. Information/media corporations are in this context defined as all companies from the domains of computer and related activities, electrical and electronic equipment, media, printing and publishing, and telecommunications. Media content capital and media infrastructure capital have a common referent – information – so summarizing these companies under the category of information corporations or media corporations is feasible. The data show that the TNI of the largest information corporations has in the years 2001–2006 been close to the total average and that the information companies covered by the TNI are more global than local in their operations, which casts doubt on the assumption (made by Flew, Hafez, and others) that there are no global media corporations. Table 2 shows further indicators for the degree of transnationality of information corporations: the average share of foreign ssets in total assets, the average share of foreign sales in total sales, the average share of foreign employment in total employment, and the share of foreign affiliates in total affiliates. The values for the 18 information corporations that are included in the 2006 list of the world’s top 100 TNCs are compared to the total average values for all 100 included companies. For calculating these shares, I treated all companies (and respectively information companies) as a totality (what Marx [1867: 344] termed à ¢â‚¬Ëœcollective capital’) so that the shares were calculated based on aggregated values. Fuchs New imperialism 45 Table 2 Indicators of the degree of transnationality of the world’s largest Information corporations (N = 18) Average of all corporations Foreign assets share Foreign sales share Foreign employment share Foreign affiliates share 61. 39% 64. 35% 60. 48% 69. 38% Information corporations: average 62. 50% 64. 05% 58. 36% 68. 15% Source: Calculations based on data for 2006, World Investment Report 2008 Statistical data suggest that the globalization of media/information corporations is not a myth, as claimed by scholars like Hafez and Flew. There surely is not a purely global media system – as transnational corporations are grounded in their respective national economies. But global production in the form of outsourcing, subcontracting and spatially diffused production seems to be an emergent quality of capitalism and therefore also of information corporations. Indicators such as the transnationality index, the foreign assets share, the foreign sales share, the foreign employment share, and the foreign affiliates share allow measuring the degree of transnationality of information companies. Data for the world’s largest information companies suggest that although they are fairly grounded in national economies, they follow the general trend of TNCs to have the majority of their assets, sales, employment and affiliates located outside of their home countries. This is not a uniform pattern, but a general trend. Emergent qualities are additions to old qualities that transform systems, but do not supersede and eliminate them. Transnationality is not something entirely new; instead – it is a degree, measure and tendency. Globalization of the media is something different from fully global media: certain media corporations become more global, parts of production are outsourced to other countries and parts of sales are achieved in other countries. The degree of sourcing, investment, affiliations, employment, assets, sales and profits outside the home country are indicators for the degree of globalization of a media corporation. That the calculated average shares are close to 60 per cent is an indication not for the emergence of fully global information corporations, but for the globalization of the operations of information corporations. These information TNCs are all capitalist in character, each focuses on capital accumulation on national and transnational levels that are interlinked. 46 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Transnationality is an emergent quality of the informational dimension of new imperialism. Transnationality is not entirely global, but an emergent quality in comparison to Fordist capitalism, in which many corporations were either state owned or rather nationally contained by regulation. Concerning the world’s largest information corporations, corporate structures have become global and ever more influenced by media and information. Media globalization then means that corporatism – the structuration of media organizations according to the logic of capital accumulation and profit maximization – has expanded its worldwide scope. Corporatism rules the world, therefore it also rules media and information organizations, which have increasingly been transformed into media corporations in processes of accumulation by dispossession that transform information and technology into commodities or intensify their commodity character. A further aspect of media globalization is that in the 20th century, global communication networks (telephone, internet) have emerged (Thompson, 1995/2000), which today allow communication and the transmission of information in real time over distance by time–space compression. How important are information products and information services in world trade? Figure 9 shows that fossil fuels are the most important goods in the world trade of manufactured goods, followed by media products, and transport vehicles. Fossil fuels and the car have been characterized as being characteristic for Fordist industrialism or for the third and fourth long wave (Boyer, 1988; Freeman and Perez, 1988; Mandel, 1972/1998), whereas microelectronics is frequently considered as ‘post-industrial’. Concerning world trade, the data show that post-industrialism has not superseded industrialism, the information economy and the traditional industrial economy exist together. The only claim that could be made based on this data is that the structure of world trade is characterized by the dominance of a ‘mobilities paradigm’ – the trade of goods that allows ‘the movement of people, ideas, objects and information’ (Urry, 2007: 17). UNCTAD launched the Creative Economy Database in 2008. The creative economy is defined as consisting of the ‘creation, production and distribution of goods and services that use creativity and intellectual capital as primary inputs’ (UNCTAD, 2008: 13). This includes products in the areas of cultural sites, traditional cultural expressions (arts, crafts, festivals, celebrations), performing arts, audiovisuals, new media, design, publishing and printed media, visual arts, and creative services (architectural, advertising, creative RD, culture, recreation). Figure 10 shows the development of the share of creative industry exports in total Fuchs New imperialism 47 Figure 9 Share of specific product groups in total exported goods. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. exports in the years 1996–2005. Related industries cover supporting industries or equipment, such as media infrastructures. The combination of creative goods (3. 2%), creative services (0. 8%) and related industries (5. 5%) accounted for 9. 55 per cent of world exports in 2005. This again confirms that information products and services are important in world trade, but not more important than fossil fuels and vehicles, and therefore not dominant. Finance, mining/quarrying/petroleum, trade, and information are the most important economic sectors of foreign direct investment. Finance is the dominant sector in both FDI and world trade. Figure 10 Share of creative industries in world exports. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD Creative Economy Database. 48 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Transnational information corporations do not operate entirely globally. They are grounded in national economies, but a certain degree of their operations, assets, employees, sales, profits and affiliates are located beyond their home economies so that a national–transnational nexus is established. Transnationality is an emergent quality, a measure, degree and tendency. Media globalization furthermore also means the global influence of the neoliberal logic of accumulation by dispossession on media. In world trade, information goods and services are the second most important category, and transport vehicles the third most important sector. The data indicate that capital export and world trade are not dominated by the information sector, but that financialization, hyperindustrialization by continued relevance of fossil fuels and the car, and informatization are three important economic trends of the new imperialism. Financialization is the dominant factor. 2. 4 The economic division of the world and information corporations Lenin argued that under imperialism, big companies dominate the economy. They would divide among themselves spheres of influence and markets and would make use of cartels, syndicates and trusts. Finance capital struggles ‘for the sources of raw materials, for the export of capital, for â€Å"spheres of influence†, i. e. , for spheres of good business, concessions, monopolist profits, and so on; in fine, for economic territory in general’ (Lenin, 917: 266). Lenin used the following indicators for the fourth characteristic: the number of sub-companies of certain corporations, the development of turnover, the number of employees, and the net profits of specific big companies. Whereas the third characteristic focuses more on economic activities that cross nation-state borders and the economic benefits that are derived from it, the fourth characteristic covers the spatial dimension of these activities. This distinction is indicated by the term ‘division of the world among capitalist combines’ (characteristic four) in contrast to the term ‘the export of capital’ (characteristic three). The two characteristics are nonetheless certainly closely linked. Table 3 shows the share of corporations based in developing and developed countries in the industries that constitute the Forbes 2000 list of the world’s biggest corporations. The share of corporations that have developing countries as their home bases ranges between 0 and 20 per cent, which is a low value and corresponds to the general unequal global division of the economy. Information industries and services are no exception from this unequal economic geography. Fuchs New imperialism 49 Table 3 The spatial dimension of the world’s largest 2000 corporations Share of corporations in developed countries (high human development, UNHDR, 2008) (%) 100 80 94. 6 87. 7 93. 4 90. 7 87. 2 89. 7 95 100 91. 9 100 100 96 97 94. 4 79. 8 98 87. 8 98. 6 81. 3 84. 80. 9 80. 6 95. 8 86. 6 92. 4 Share of corporations in developing countries (medium and low human development, UNHDR, 2008) (%) 0 20 5. 4 12. 3 6. 6 9. 3 12. 8 10. 3 5 0 8. 1 0 0 4 3 5. 6 20. 1 2 12. 2 1. 4 18. 7 15. 6 19. 1 19. 4 4. 2 13. 4 7. 6 Industry Aerospace defence Banking Business services supplies Capital goods Chemicals Conglomerates Construction Consumer durables Diversified financials Drug s biotechnology Food, drink tobacco Food markets Health care equipment Hotels, restaurants leisure Household personal products Insurance Materials Media Oil gas perations Retailing Semiconductors Software services Technology hardware equipment Telecommunications services Trading companies Transportation Utilities Source: Author’s calculations based on data by Forbes 2000, 2008 list As world trade is overall stratified, also world trade in informational goods and services is stratified. In 2002, low-income countries accounted for 0. 6 per cent of all exports of cultural products, high income countries for 82. 2 per cent. North America accounted for 21. 4 per cent of book exports, 23. per cent of newspaper/periodicals exports, 18. 5 per cent of recorded media exports, and 7. 8 per cent of audiovisual exports. The shares of Europe were 60. 9 per cent, 70. 4 per cent, 61. 3 per cent and 30. 2 per cent. Asia’s shares were 13. 7 per cent, 3. 3 per cent, 18. 2 per cent and 50 Global Media and Communication 6(1) 50. 5 per cent, the shares by Latin America were 2. 9 per cent, 1. 8 per cent, 1. 3 per cent and 10. 9 per cent, and the African shares were 0. 1 per cent, 0. 08 per cent, 0. 05 per cent and 0. 001 per cent (data: UNESCO, 2004). One can say that theories of media imperialism, communication imperialism and cultural domination (see e. g. Boyd-Barrett, 1977, 1998; Galtung, 1971; Golding and Harris, 1996; Mattelart, 1979: 57–70; Roach, 1997; Said, 1993; Schiller, 1969/1992, 1976, 1989, 1991/2006; Sparks, 2007: 81–104; Thussu, 2006: 46–57; Tomlinson, 1991) have described Lenin’s fourth characteristic of imperialism in relation to media and culture: the domination of the info sphere by large Western corporations. At first, such concepts were focusing on the control of ownership, structure, distribution or content of the media in one country by another country (Boyd-Barrett, 1977: 117) or by the US (Schiller, 1969/1992). Later, they were updated in order to reflect the reality of media globalization (see e. g. Boyd-Barrett, 1998; Schiller, 1991/2006; Thussu, 1998) so that concepts such as transnational corporate cultural domination (Schiller, 1991/2006), global media empire, or Murdochization (Thussu, 1998) emerged. This updated version is suited for theoretically describing Lenin’s dimension of corporate economic domination in the attempt to apply imperialism theory to informational capitalism. The problem with most cultural imperialism approaches is that they do not explicitly embed their theories into classical theories of imperialism. So for example Boyd-Barrett mentions that the concept of media imperialism is ‘indebted to the works of Marx, Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg’ (Boyd-Barrett, 1998: 158), but he does not further outline this connection. The paper at hand is an attempt to contribute to the closure of this analytical gap. The stratified geography of capital export and world trade repeats itself in the sector that covers the production and diffusion of information goods and services, which is, on the global level, dominated by Western corporations. 2. 5 The role of information in the political division of the world Lenin defined the fifth characteristic of imperialism as the ‘monopolistic possession of the territories of the world which have been completely divided up’ (Lenin, 1917: 237). Finance capital ‘strives to seize the largest possible amount of land of all kinds and in any place it can, and by any means’ (Lenin, 1917: 233). Each dominant state would exploit and draw super-profits from a part of the world (Lenin, 1917: 253). ‘Each of them, by means of trusts, cartels, finance capital, and debtor and creditor relations, occupies a monopoly position on the world market’ (Lenin, 1917: 253). Lenin argues that under imperialism, all territories on the globe have Fuchs New imperialism 51 come under the influence of capitalist countries. A re-division would be possible at any time, but not a new seizure. In imperialism, there are not just simply colonies and colony-owning countries, but also a semi-colony, politically independent countries, which are ‘enmeshed in the net of financial and diplomatic dependence’ (Lenin, 1917: 234). Formal dependence would, under imperialism, ‘become a link in the chain of operations of world finance capital’ (Lenin, 1917: 235). Indicators that Lenin uses for the fifth characteristic include: the development of the percentage of territories that belong to the European colonial powers, and the development of the area size and population number under the control of certain colonial powers. The United States certainly is the dominant global military power today and has been successful in imposing its will by military means without much resistance from Europe, Russia, China, or other countries. The difference in military power can be observed, for example, by government expenditures. In 2006, the EU25 countries spent â‚ ¬79,392. 7 million on defence (10. 8% of total government expenditures), â‚ ¬95,005. 1 million on education (12. 9%), and â‚ ¬138,144. 5 million on health (18. 8%). In comparison, the US in 2008 spent $467,063 million on national defence (17. % of the total expenditures), $87,734 million on education (3. 2%), and $306,585 million on health (11. 2%). That the US is a dominant global military power only means that the US has been successful in being hegemonic, which does not mean that it will never again be challenged by others with military means (which it still is, although not by Europe, Russia, China, or other important countries, but by groups like Al-Qaeda and countries like Iran, North Korea or Venezuela that pose potential military threats for the US). There are several competing explanations for the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq (see Callinicos, 2003a, 2005, 2007; Harvey, 2005, 2006; Panitch and Gindin, 2004, 2005; Wood, 2003): securing access to oil as an economic resource; securing worldwide geopolitical hegemony; the expansion of US economic power in the face of the deterioration of US economic power in the exports of capital and commodities and the strong position of Europe and China; and the conquest of strategic countries in the Middle East in order to be better equipped for limiting the influence of Islamic nations and groups that challenge the Western dominance of the world or the struggle for the extension of neoliberal capitalism all over the world. It is imaginable that the causes of these wars are a combination of some or all of these elements. No matter which factors one considers important, the wars against Afghanistan and Iraq, global terrorism and potential future wars against countries like Iran, Pakistan, S yria, Lebanon, Venezuela, or Bolivia, shows 52 Global Media and Communication 6(1) that war for securing geopolitical and economic influence and hegemony is an inherent feature of the new imperialism and of imperialism in general. Although investment, trade, concentration, transnationalization, neoliberalization, structural adjustment and financialization are economic strategies of imperialism that do not resort to military means, it is likely that not all territories can be controlled by imperialist powers and that some resistance will emerge. In order to contain these counter-movements, overcome crises and secure economic influence for capital in the last instance, warfare is the ultimate outcome, a continuation of imperialism with non-economic means in order to foster economic ends. Statistical data show ex-post that economic ends could be important influencing factors for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Figures 11 and 12 show that foreign investments have boomed in Afghanistan since 2002 and in Iraq since 2003. Oil is the main economic resource in Iraq. In 2002, 99. 3 per cent of all exports from Iraq were fuels. In 2006, this level remained at a high degree of 93. 9 per cent (data: UNCTAD). In 2006, the value of annual Iraq oil exports was 2. 3 times the 2002 value. Figure 13 shows the increase of Iraq fuel exports in absolute terms. In the same time span (2002–2006) as fuel exports from Iraq climbed, the value of oil imports by the US increased by a factor of 2. 8 and the value of oil imports by the UK by a factor of 3. 8 (Figures 14 and 15). These data suggest that investment opportunities and resource access were important, but certainly not the only factors in the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan by the US and the UK. Figure 11 FDI in Afghanistan Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. Fuchs New imperialism 53 Figure 12 FDI in Iraq. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. Figure 13 Fuel export from Iraq. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. In 1988, the annual military expenses of the US were $484 billion. There was a drop in spending after the end of the Cold War (1998: $329 billion). The new wars in Afghanistan and Iraq resulted in a rise to $441 billion in 2003 and $547 billion in 2007 (all values in constant US dollars, source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database). In 2007, the US accounted for the largest share of world military spending (45%), followed by the UK and China (each 5%) (SIPRI, 2008). Comparing annual US military spending for the years 2001 and 2006 shows a growth of 30 per cent for 54 Global Media and Communication 6(1) Figure 14 Fuel imports by the UK. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. Figure 15 Fuel imports by the USA. Source: Author’s figures based on data by UNCTAD. military expense, 47 per cent for military operations and maintenance, and 58 per cent for research, development, test and evaluation (SIPRI, 2007: 276). In 2006, 41 US companies accounted for 63 per cent of the sales of the top 100 arms-producing companies in the world (SIPRI, 2008). In the period 1998–2007, annual world military expenditures increased by 45 per cent (SIPRI, 2008). These data show that the new imperialism is based on a US military hegemony in military outlays and activities. Fuchs New imperialism 55 The US-led war in Iraq and Afghanistan is the practical validation of the presence of the fifth characteristic of imperialism today. Military conflicts that aim at territorial control and global hegemony and counterhegemony are immanent features of the new imperialism. Lenin (1917: 264) argued that imperialism leads to annexation and increased oppression and consequently also to increased resistance. The attacks of 9/11 and the rise of global terrorism can be interpreted as a reaction to global US economic, political and cultural influence. This resulted in a vicious cycle of global war that creates and secures spheres of Western influence and global terrorism that tries to destroy Western lifestyles and Western dominance. Information today plays certainly an important role in warfare in two distinct senses: (1) psychological warfare with the help of media is conducted in order to intimidate, influence and manipulate enemies and the foreign public; and (2) there are computer-based weapon systems that bring about an informatization of warfare. Both elements have been stressed as important features of warfare in the Iraq war 2003 and the Afghanistan war 2001 (see Anderson, 2006; Artz and Kamalipour, 2005; Bennett, 2008; Berenger, 2004; Brookes et al. , 2005; Conroy, 2007; Dadge, 2006; Fuchs, 2005, 2008: Chapter 8. ; Hoskins, 2004; Katovsky and Carlson, 2003; Kellner, 2005; Miller, 2004; Nikolaev and Hakanen, 2006; Oliver, 2007; Paul, 2005; Rampton and Stauber, 2003; Schechter, 2003; Tumber and Palmer, 2004; Tumber and Web ster, 2006; Thussu and Freedman, 2003; Wheeler, 2007). Information warfare surely is an important feature of warfare in new imperialism. However, the main quality of war is not and has never been that it is informational, but that it aims at destroying and defeating the enemy. Therefore information war is not immaterial, but aims at physical destruction and defeat. Warfare under new imperialism is not immaterial, but very material, as the tens of thousands of casualties in the military conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq show. 3 Conclusion The task of this paper was to discuss the topicality of Lenin’s notion of imperialism with special consideration of the role of media and information. I tested the role information industries play in the new imperialism. The result was that they are important, but not dominant: (1) Capital concentration and information industries. Information sectors such as publishing, telecommunications and the manufacturing of communication equipment are among the most concentrated economic sectors, although finance is the most concentrated sector. 56 Global Media and Communication 6(1) (2) Finance capital and information capital. Information companies are important in the global capitalist economy, which reflects a trend towards informatization, but they are far less important than finance and the oil and gas industry. Financialization, hyperindustrialization and informatization are three important characteristics of contemporary imperialist capitalism. (3) Capital export and information industries. Finance, mining/quarrying/ petroleum, trade, and information are the most important economic sectors of foreign direct investment. Finance is the dominant sector in both FDI and world trade. Transnational information corporations do not operate entirely globally. They are grounded in national economies, but a certain degree of their operations, assets, employees, sales, profits and affiliates are located beyond their home economies so that a national–transnational nexus is established. Transnationality is an emergent quality, a measure, degree and tendency. The data indicate that capital export and world trade are not dominated by the information sector, but that financialization, hyperindustrialization by continued relevance of fossil fuels and the car, and informatization, are three important economic trends of the new imperialism. Financialization is the dominant factor. (4) The economic division of the world and information corporations. The stratified geography of capital export and world trade repeats itself in the sector that covers the production and diffusion of information goods and services, which is, on the global level, dominated by Western corporations. (5) The role of information in the political division of the world. Information warfare is an important feature of warfare in new imperialism. However, the main quality of war is not and has never been that it is informational, but that it aims at destroying and defeating the enemy. One cannot conclude that the new imperialism is a media imperialism or informational imperialism because this would have to mean that media and information are today the most important features of capital concentration, capital export, world trade and warfare, which clearly is not the case. Media and information do play an important role in new imperialism, but they are subsumed under finance capital and the continued importance of fossil fuel, which is a resource that motivates imperialist warfare. Media are characterized by qualities of imperialism such as concentration and transnationalization, which allows us to speak of the imperialistic character of the media within the new imperialism, but not of the existence of media imperialism. Fuchs New imperialism 57 The most significant change of the spatial structure of the world economy in the past 50 years has been the deterioration of North America in the areas of capital exports and commodity exports and the rise of China as an important location for FDI inflows and as an important trading country, especially in exports. Other new qualities of the new imperialism are the divergence of economic and military hegemony, as well as the new importance and new methods of financialization.